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Maruyama Masao was a political philosopher and scientist, and a pioneering historian of Japanese political thought. He provoked fierce controversy among his peers, analysing subjects such as war guilt, responsibility, fascism and nationalism in popular journals in the early postwar years. Influenced by Neo-Kantian thinking, and the young Marx, Maruyama articulated a philosophy of democracy for postwar Japan that identified autonomy as the fulcrum of democratic legitimacy. His writings on late Tokugawa era Neo-Confucian philosophy remain seminal works in the field of Tokugawa intellectual history.